Conexión entre ovejas y aves esteparias
A estas alturas del blog, ya sabemos de sobra que las estepas naturales de la península ibérica, vastos paisajes abiertos y sin árboles, son auténticos tesoros de biodiversidad. Son hábitats moldeados a lo largo de siglos por actividades humanas de baja intensidad, como la ganadería extensiva de ovejas. Son el hogar de las poblaciones europeas más grandes de varias aves esteparias amenazadas, como la alondra ricotí, el sisón común, la ganga ortega y la ibérica o el alcaraván común, entre muchas otras.
By now, if you've been following this blog, you'll know that the natural steppes of the Iberian Peninsula, vast open and treeless landscapes, are true biodiversity treasures. These habitats have been shaped over centuries by low-intensity human activities, such as extensive sheep grazing. They are home to Europe's largest populations of several threatened steppe birds, including the Dupont's lark, little bustard, pin-tailed and black-bellied sandgrouse, and Eurasian stone-curlew, among many others.
However, in recent decades, these birds have suffered a dramatic decline. The main cause? As we know, agricultural intensification and changes in land use. A study by our friends Juan Traba and Cristian Pérez-Granados, published in PeerJ in 2022, has highlighted another worrying correlation: the decline in sheep numbers.
A Parallel Decline: Sheep and Birds
Between 1992 and 2020, the number of sheep in Spain fell by 9.2 million, representing a 37.3% reduction. This decline has been even sharper since 2007 and drastic from 2009 onwards, coinciding with changes in Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies that decoupled payments from sheep numbers.
The researchers in this study used data from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Spanish Common Bird Monitoring Program (SACRE) to analyze whether there was a relationship between this sheep decline and that of bird populations. To ensure that any found relationship wasn't coincidental, they used cointegration analysis, a statistical method that confirms if two variables move synchronously and maintain their relationship over time, suggesting a causal link.
Compelling Results: A Strong Connection
The findings are revealing:
- A positive and significant relationship was found between the decrease in sheep numbers and the agricultural bird index in Spain during the 1998-2018 period. This means that as sheep numbers declined, so did the populations of agricultural birds.
- Similarly, a positive and significant association was observed between the trend in sheep numbers and the natural steppe bird index during the same period.
Although the relationship with the Dupont's lark (a highly threatened specialist bird whose European population is restricted to Iberian steppes) was also positive, it did not reach statistical significance. This could be due to its more restricted distribution or the influence of other factors such as habitat loss due to plowing or the construction of wind farms.
Why Is Grazing So Important for Steppe Birds?
The link between sheep and steppe birds is more than just a simple correlation. Extensive grazing acts as an "ecosystem engineer" that creates and maintains optimal conditions for these species:
- Habitat Structure: Light to moderate grazing reduces vegetation height and increases spatial heterogeneity. This is crucial for steppe birds, which are adapted to open habitats.
- Foraging Efficiency and Safety: By keeping vegetation low and sparse, birds can forage more efficiently and have greater visibility, minimizing predation risk for ground-feeding species.
- Food Sources: Sheep feces (manure) are particularly attractive to dung beetles and other arthropods, which constitute a vital food source for many steppe and insectivorous birds. One sheep can produce around 600 kg/ha/year of dry manure.
- Seed Dispersion: Sheep also contribute to the dispersal of creeping plant seeds, favoring the vegetation of steppe habitats.
The disappearance of extensive grazing has led to an increase in shrub encroachment and tree cover in these areas, which is detrimental to birds that depend on open habitats.
The Need for Steppe-Friendly CAP
While other factors such as pesticide use, increased mechanization, or the expansion of intensive crops like trellised vineyards also contribute to bird decline, the results of this study are clear: promoting extensive grazing should be a key factor in future reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and in conservation programs.
Encouraging traditional sheep farming not only helps birds but also contributes to biodiversity preservation, wildfire risk reduction, the valorization of sustainable agricultural practices, and desertification prevention.
In a climate change scenario, habitat management through extensive grazing offers a simple, multifunctional, and low-impact solution to improve the habitat quality of our precious steppe birds, avoiding the need for more costly and potentially damaging practices.
Comentarios
Publicar un comentario