¿Son todos los rastrojos igual de buenos para las aves?
El británico Simon J. Butler y otros autores publicaron en 2005 el estudio "Stubble height affects the use of stubble fields by farmland birds", un trabajo publicado en Journal of Applied Ecology, que nos ofrece información clave sobre el impacto de la altura del rastrojo en el uso de los campos por parte de las aves agrícolas.
En el Reino Unido, los rastrojos que permanecen durante el invierno son un hábitat de forrajeo esencial para muchas aves agrícolas, de las cuales varias son actualmente motivo de preocupación para la conservación. Tradicionalmente, la mejora de estos rastrojos para las aves se ha centrado en aumentar la abundancia de alimento, pero este estudio nos recuerda que otros aspectos del comportamiento de forrajeo, como la evitación de depredadores y la vigilancia, son igualmente importantes.
Desde octubre de 2003 hasta marzo de 2004 analizaron 20 campos de rastrojos de trigo, con el siguiente diseño experimental. Cada uno de los 20 campos se dividió por la mitad, en una mitad (parcela de tratamiento), el rastrojo fue cortado utilizando una máquina estándar para reducir la altura de la vegetación. El rastrojo extra generado por este corte se dejó en los campos. La otra mitad del campo (parcela de control) se dejó intacta, sirviendo como área de control. Se tuvo cuidado de dividir los campos de manera que las parcelas de tratamiento y control tuvieran características de límite, pendiente y orientación similares para minimizar los efectos de estos factores en la abundancia y distribución de las aves. La altura media del rastrojo en las parcelas de tratamiento se redujo en un promedio del 58,3%, resultando en una altura media de 5,9 cm, en comparación con los 14,1 cm en las parcelas de control.
Imagen propia |
REFERENCIA:
Butler, S. J., Bradbury, R. B., y Whittingham, M. J. 2005. Stubble height affects the use of stubble fields by farmland birds. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42 (3): 469–476.
ENGLISH VERSION:
In 2005, British researcher Simon J. Butler and other authors published the study "Stubble height affects the use of stubble fields by farmland birds" in the Journal of Applied Ecology. This work provides key information on the impact of stubble height on how farmland birds use these fields.
In the UK, overwintering stubble fields are essential foraging habitats for many farmland birds, several of which are currently of conservation concern. Traditionally, improving these stubble fields for birds has focused on increasing food abundance. However, this study reminds us that other aspects of foraging behavior, such as predator avoidance and vigilance, are equally important.
From October 2003 to March 2004, the researchers analyzed 20 wheat stubble fields using the following experimental design: Each of the 20 fields was divided in half. In one half (the treatment plot), the stubble was cut using a standard machine to reduce vegetation height. The extra stubble generated by this cutting was left in the fields. The other half of the field (the control plot) was left intact, serving as a control area. Care was taken to divide the fields so that the treatment and control plots had similar boundary characteristics, slope, and orientation to minimize the effects of these factors on bird abundance and distribution. The average stubble height in the treatment plots was reduced by an average of 58.3%, resulting in an average height of 5.9 cm, compared to 14.1 cm in the control plots.
Bird counts and seed sampling were conducted during the winter (November to March) to assess how birds responded to these differences in vegetation height.
Key Results
While total bird abundance did not show a significant difference between the treatment and control plots, the results were very interesting when different bird categories were analyzed:
-
Birds preferring short stubble (treatment plots):
- The abundance of granivorous birds and insectivorous birds was higher in plots where stubble height had been reduced.
- For these species, shorter vegetation likely meant greater food accessibility and detectability, as well as lower thermo-energetic and mobility costs.
- These birds, which typically flee to nearby cover when detecting a predator, benefited from the reduced visual obstruction in short stubble. This translates into a perceived lower risk of predation and an increased ability to detect and escape predators in time. Previous experiments with finches showed that in short vegetation, they had shorter vigilance periods and detected predators faster.
-
Birds preferring tall stubble (control plots):
- The abundance of larks and partridges was higher in the control plots, where the stubble was left intact. These species employ a different predator avoidance strategy: instead of fleeing, they often remain motionless and rely on camouflage.
- Although shorter stubble might have allowed earlier predator detection, it offered less protection for larks and partridges once a predator was detected. Their preference for taller stubble suggests they prioritized minimizing predation risk over potentially higher energetic gains in short stubble.
-
Birds with no clear preference:
- The distribution of corvids and pigeons was not influenced by the reduction in stubble height. This could be due to their larger size, which makes visual obstruction less relevant for them, and their broader diet.
Regarding food availability, although seed densities decreased between November and March in both types of plots, there was no significant difference in seed depletion levels between treatment and control plots. This suggests that stubble height did not directly affect the total amount of seeds consumed or lost, although further studies are needed to rule out other factors such as germination or the activity of other seed predators.
Conclusions and Conservation Applications
This study demonstrates that manipulating stubble height influences the foraging site selection of various farmland bird species. The findings underscore the importance of structural habitat heterogeneity.
- Diversity is key: Increasing the structural heterogeneity of winter stubble will likely enhance its value as foraging habitat, better suiting the foraging requirements and predator escape strategies of a wider diversity of species.
- No to widespread reduction: A generalized reduction in stubble height would be detrimental to species like larks and partridges.
- Agri-environmental schemes: Incorporating explicit and targeted management options into agri-environmental measures represents a cost-effective strategy to achieve this heterogeneity.
Comentarios
Publicar un comentario