¿Sirve la PAC para evitar la disminución de las aves?
Pablo Pérez y 20 investigadores españoles más han analizado la efectividad del Plan Estratégico de la Política Agrícola Común (PEPAC) de España para la conservación de las aves propias del medio agrario, en un artículo muy reciente publicado en la revista Ardeola. Han buscado la coherencia entre las medidas y las necesidades de las especies, considerando los diferentes mecanismos por los que se desarrolla la PAC: la condicionalidad reforzada, los eco-regímenes y las ayudas al desarrollo rural.
Pablo Pérez and 20 other Spanish researchers have analyzed the effectiveness of Spain's Strategic Plan for the Common Agricultural Policy (PEPAC) in conserving farmland birds. Their findings were published in a recent article in the journal Ardeola. The study examines the coherence between the measures and the needs of bird species, considering the different mechanisms through which the CAP is implemented: enhanced conditionality, eco-schemes, and rural development aid.
Overall, the study concludes that Spain’s PEPAC fails to effectively halt the decline of farmland birds. Specifically:
Partial and mixed use of scientific information: The PEPAC makes partial and inconsistent use of available scientific data on farmland birds' needs.
Direct payment interventions: These address most, but not all, of the birds' requirements. Some critical interventions that could benefit bird populations were not officially considered.
Rural development interventions: These show low potential effectiveness, covering only 17% of the birds' requirements on average.
Combined effectiveness: The combined effectiveness of the three components of the CAP’s Green Architecture (enhanced conditionality, eco-schemes, and rural development interventions) ranges from 31% to 42% across Spain’s autonomous regions.
Insufficient integration: There is inadequate coordination between central and regional governance levels to achieve the 10% threshold of non-cultivated habitats required for farmland bird conservation.
Ex-ante evaluation: This revealed a partial incorporation of scientific knowledge about birds' requirements in the design of the PEPAC.
Knowledge transfer evaluation: The transfer of scientific knowledge to rural development interventions varies significantly across regions and agricultural systems.
Key Recommendations for Improving the PEPAC:
Enhanced Conditionality:
- Legal Management Requirements (LMRs): LMRs derived from the Birds and Habitats Directives should mandate adherence to management plans for Natura 2000 areas and threatened species recovery plans.
- Good Agricultural and Environmental Condition (GAEC) 1: Ensure compliance with the protection of permanent grasslands at the farm level.
- Increase the area and protection level of permanent grasslands, particularly those of high ecological value.
- GAEC 8: Promote the conservation of covered fallows, permanent pastures, and margins with native vegetation.
- Each autonomous region should define natural and cultural landscape elements to be protected.
Eco-Schemes:
- Prohibit the use of fertilizers and pesticides in biodiversity islands and unharvested margins.
- For direct seeding, ban the use of treated seeds and replace herbicides with grazing or minimum tillage.
- For vegetative covers, establish a minimum spring period free from mechanical treatments and promote spontaneous vegetation covers.
- Allow simultaneous adoption of multiple eco-schemes to increase the total area under beneficial practices.
Agri-Environmental Commitments:
- Commitments should span five years, and degresivity in aid calculations should be avoided.
- Prioritize commitments in areas affected by diffuse agricultural pollution and high-nature-value systems.
- Align agricultural production with pollution reduction and biodiversity protection goals.
- Sustainable crop subsidies should not lower their requirements regarding organic fertilizer application.
- Promote high-nature-value grasslands, with limitations on grazing intensity and exploitation periods.
- Include measures to maintain livestock trails as key connectivity elements.
- Ensure that advisory services for implementing these commitments are provided by competent authorities with multidisciplinary teams.
Avifauna Protection:
- Directly evaluate the effectiveness of integrated production practices in rice fields.
- Promote stubble retention, fallows, and sheep grazing in cereal-based agricultural systems.
- Increase subsidies for traditional and covered fallows while reducing those for legumes and sunflowers.
- Conservation measures should address specific regional objectives.
- Restore unique agrarian landscape elements and promote permanent pastures and covered fallows.
- Limit afforestation programs on agricultural land and the expansion of irrigated crops.
Other Measures:
- Specific disadvantage subsidies should prevent the abandonment of extensive production systems that sustain high biodiversity levels.
- Investment aid for non-productive purposes should focus on conserving natural and cultural agrarian landscape elements and their connectivity.
Evaluation:
- Conduct direct evaluations using experimental designs to verify the actual effectiveness of measures and adapt them based on the results.
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