Detección de puntos críticos de colisión mediante el marcaje de aves con GPS
Los individuos fueron equipados con dispositivos GPS-GSM solares, de bajo peso (<3% del peso corporal del ave), que registraban localizaciones con una frecuencia de entre 1 y 5 minutos durante los periodos de máxima actividad. Utilizaron algoritmos automáticos para detectar mortalidad basados en patrones de inmovilidad y ausencia de desplazamiento, y se verificaron los casos sospechosos mediante trabajo de campo. Las causas de muerte se clasificaron como colisiones si había evidencia física (cadáveres encontrados junto a infraestructuras) o patrones indicativos en los datos GPS.
Encontraron los siguientes resultados:
Los resultados son directamente aplicables a la gestión: permiten priorizar tramos de tendido eléctrico para su señalización o soterramiento, y ajustar la planificación de nuevas infraestructuras en áreas sensibles. Además, la información puede integrarse en modelos de riesgo espacial para mejorar la gestión del territorio.
REFERENCIA:
Marques AT, Pacheco C, Mougeot F, Silva JP (2024). GPS tracking reveals the timing of collisions with powerlines and fences of three threatened steppe bird species. Bird Conservation International, 34, e22, 1–5 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270924000145
ENGLISH VERSION:
Collision is one of the main causes of non-natural mortality in steppe birds—if not the most important in some species such as the great bustard or the little bustard.
To better understand this issue, Ana Teresa Marques and other researchers tagged 160 birds between 2009 and 2022: 93 little bustards, 38 black-bellied sandgrouse, and 29 pin-tailed sandgrouse.
The birds were fitted with solar-powered GPS-GSM devices, weighing less than 3% of the bird’s body weight. These devices recorded locations at intervals of 1 to 5 minutes during periods of maximum activity. Mortality was detected using automated algorithms based on immobility and lack of displacement, and suspicious cases were verified through fieldwork. Deaths were classified as collisions when there was physical evidence (e.g., carcasses found near infrastructures) or clear indicative patterns in the GPS data.
The study found the following results:
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Eight collisions were detected: six little bustards, one pin-tailed sandgrouse, and one black-bellied sandgrouse.
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Of these eight collision events, six involved powerlines (five little bustards and one black-bellied sandgrouse). Four occurred on distribution lines and two on transmission lines.
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One collision was recorded with a fence (a little bustard), and in one case it was uncertain whether the collision involved a fence or a powerline (a pin-tailed sandgrouse).
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The time of collision was determined in 87.5% of events (seven out of eight), with an accuracy of under two hours. Of these, five occurred during daylight, and one at night. In two cases, it was unclear whether the event happened at dusk/dawn or during the night.
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Collision-related mortality occurred throughout the year: four in the post-breeding season (summer), two during breeding, and two in winter.
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The height of the collision structures varied widely, from 1.2 m to 46.6 m. Notably, two collisions occurred on transmission lines equipped with large spiral markers (30 cm diameter).
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More collisions occurred on distribution lines than on transmission lines, suggesting that the extensive distribution grid may cause higher mortality, even though most studies have focused on transmission lines.
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For the little bustard, collisions occurred year-round and at different times of day, including in good visibility conditions. This risk is exacerbated by the species' nocturnal migratory movements and use of areas with powerlines as stopover sites.
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While line marking is a common mitigation measure, its effectiveness varies. Two collisions occurred on lines marked with large spirals. The authors suggest that bird flight diverters should incorporate reflective and/or luminescent elements for night visibility, as well as dynamic or moving parts for all light conditions.
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The data also revealed that fences may pose a threat to steppe birds. It is therefore recommended to avoid or mark barbed wire fences in important areas.
This study demonstrates the value of high-resolution GPS telemetry as a tool for detecting collision-related mortalities that often go unnoticed.
Compared to traditional methods based on carcass surveys, this approach allows researchers to quantify the actual risk of collision and accurately identify collision hotspots.
The results have direct management applications: they make it possible to prioritize sections of power lines for marking or burial, and to adjust the planning of new infrastructures in sensitive areas. Additionally, the information can be integrated into spatial risk models to support improved land-use management.
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